
Help someone
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Description
Intentionally assisting others through actions or advice.
Benefits
Boosts happiness, social connections, and self-esteem while fostering empathy.
Example
When Claraâs roommate went through a breakup, she started helping more around the apartment with things like cooking, running errands, just being present. It was small stuff at first, but she noticed that doing things for others actually made her feel better too. So she leaned in: volunteering at a local shelter once a month, mentoring a junior colleague, and sending little care packages to friends. Helping became a quiet thread in her week (nothing flashy) just real connection. She didnât realize how much it boosted her mood until a few months in, when someone asked what had changed. She just felt more grounded, more herself.
Habit Deep Dive
âHelping others means intentionally doing kind or beneficial things for other people on a regular basis, from small daily gestures to volunteering in your community. Itâs essentially the habit of kindness.
Why care? Because science shows that being generous and supportive doesnât just aid the recipient. It can also boost your own mood, health, and sense of purpose. In simple terms, helping others often makes you feel good and may even help you live a healthier, happier life.
It strengthens social bonds and can create a positive ripple effect around you. Importantly, itâs not a magic happiness pill, you need to do it sincerely and consistently to see real benefits. Below are the key takeaways:
- Boosts well-being: Regularly helping others tends to make you happier and less stressed, and even improves health markers like blood pressure  .
- Social connection & meaning: Kind acts build stronger relationships and a sense of purpose in life â a big happiness factor  .
- Balanced approach: The habit is high-reward for most people with few downsides, but overdoing it or neglecting your own needs can lead to burnout (so balance and boundaries are key).
But we'll also cover the risks and tradeoffs. When I was in grad school styudying Finance, I wanted to help people master their personal financial situation. My advisor cautioned me saying, "Follow your heart, but don't lose your heart in it" illustrating the perils of trying to help others without boundaries. This clear eyed assessment will help give us a balanced view of helping others. Let's start with the benefits.
Core Benefits
What do you actually get out of making âhelping othersâ a habit? Research has identified several major benefits, both short-term and long-term, for those who give support, donate, or volunteer regularly:
Volunteering at a community event â a common form of helping others â not only benefits the recipients but can also improve the volunteersâ own health and happiness .
- Happier Mood and Lower Stress: Acts of generosity activate the brainâs reward centers, giving a rush of feel-good chemicals (often called the âhelperâs highâ). This leads to increased happiness and reduced stress levels  . For example, helping someone can trigger endorphins and dopamine release, boosting your mood and calming stress hormones like cortisol  .
- Better Mental Health: People who frequently help others report lower rates of depression and anxiety and higher life satisfaction  . In one study, doing small acts of kindness even outperformed some traditional therapy techniques in improving depression and anxiety symptoms  . The social connection gained from helping was key â it helped participants feel less isolated and more optimistic.
- Physical Health Benefits: Surprisingly, kindness might benefit your heart and overall health. Studies have linked volunteering and altruistic behavior to lower blood pressure and even longer lifespan. For instance, older adults who spent money on others saw significant drops in blood pressure â an effect comparable to starting medication or exercise . Likewise, a meta-analysis found that volunteers had a 22% lower mortality risk over several years compared to non-volunteers . Helping others is also associated with better physical functioning in older age and fewer chronic pain symptoms in some cases  .
- Social Connection and Relationships: Making a habit of helping builds stronger social bonds. You tend to meet new people or strengthen existing friendships through acts of kindness. Informal acts (like helping a neighbor or coworker spontaneously) are especially good at creating social connections . Feeling connected to others is hugely important for mental well-being, and helping others is one of the most effective ways to foster that connection  .
- Greater Sense of Purpose and Self-Worth: Contributing to othersâ lives can give you a sense of meaning and fulfillment. Research shows that kindness is linked more strongly to âeudaimonic well-beingâ â the kind of deep life satisfaction that comes from having purpose â than to just momentary happiness  . Knowing that youâve made a difference can boost your self-esteem and make your own problems feel more manageable. (In fact, some therapists use kindness exercises to help patients take the focus off their own troubles and find purpose  .)
Scientific Rationale
Why would doing good for others end up being good for you? Several scientific explanations underlie this habitâs benefits:
- Brain Chemistry of the âHelperâs Highâ: When you help someone, your brain rewards you. It releases neurotransmitters like dopamine, giving you a mild euphoria, and endorphins that relieve pain . Thereâs also a boost in oxytocin, sometimes called the âbonding hormone,â which increases trust and empathy and can lower blood pressure  . This biochemical reward system likely evolved to encourage social cooperation â it feels good to be kind, so youâre inclined to do it again. However, these chemical boosts are temporary (oxytocinâs effects last only minutes), which is why repeated acts are needed to sustain the high  .
- Psychological Fulfillment: Helping others fulfills basic psychological needs. It strengthens our sense of connection to others (we are social creatures, and belonging improves well-being) and often gives a feeling of competence and value â you see that your actions matter. Altruism can also shift your perspective outward, reducing excessive self-focus or rumination. This is one reason helping can alleviate depression/anxiety: it literally takes your mind off your own troubles while you focus on someone else  . Many helpers also report a âwarm glowâ of happiness knowing they made a positive impact, which reinforces a positive self-image (âI am a kind personâ).
- Evolutionary Roots: From an evolutionary standpoint, humans are wired for cooperation. Our ancestors survived better in groups that supported each other. Those who helped others likely strengthened the groupâs success and, indirectly, their own survival. Thereâs intriguing evidence that kindness can spread in social networks: one experiment found that if someone behaves generously, it inspires observers to be generous to others, creating a cascade of cooperation through up to three degrees of separation . Groups with a lot of altruists become more resilient and more likely to thrive over time . In short, evolution may have built a reward feedback (pleasure from helping) to promote prosocial behavior because it benefits the whole community.
- Social Reciprocity and Support: Helping others often leads to others helping you. This isnât guaranteed, but generally kindness creates a norm of reciprocity â people are more inclined to support someone who has been helpful. Over time, a habit of helping can expand your social network and the goodwill you have in it. So from a practical view, givers build social capital. For example, volunteers often develop strong relationships in their communities and have better social support when they themselves are in need. This safety net of support is linked to better health and longevity as well. Thus, part of the âwhyâ is that helping others indirectly means youâre not alone when you face challenges.
Evidence Quality & Consensus
Does Helping Others Actually Work?
The idea that âgiving is good for youâ is widespread â but how solid is the scientific evidence behind it? Overall, the evidence is encouraging but nuanced.
On the strong side, we have large meta-analyses and longitudinal studies suggesting real benefits. A 2020 meta-analysis (pooling 201 studies with ~198,000 participants) found a small but significant positive link between prosocial behavior and well-being . In other words, across many studies people who helped others tended to be a bit happier and healthier than those who didnât. The effect size was modest, but given how many people engage in kindness daily, even a small boost can have a broad impact . Importantly, this analysis was published in Psychological Bulletin, indicating the research community takes it seriously. Another systematic review in BMC Public Health found that volunteers showed lower depression and higher life satisfaction than non-volunteers in observational studies . They even found volunteers had a markedly lower mortality rate over time (about 20â30% reduction in risk of death) in several studies . That hints at a significant health effect, though causation is not proven.
However, not all evidence is uniformly positive. Some studies â especially rigorous experiments â have found mixed or minimal effects. In the BMC review, a handful of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of volunteering failed to confirm many of the mental health benefits seen in observational studies . This could be due to small sample sizes or short study durations, but it means we should be cautious. Itâs possible that happier, healthier people are simply more likely to help others (rather than helping others making them happier). Researchers try to account for this, but it canât be entirely ruled out in non-experimental studies . The consensus as of now: the evidence is fairly strong that helping others is associated with positive outcomes, and there are plausible mechanisms for causation, but the exact magnitude of benefits and some cause-effect details are still being studied .
Itâs also worth noting that not every kind act will instantly transform your well-being â many studies show a modest average effect. Individual experiences vary: some people gain a huge mental boost from volunteering, while others might feel little change if, say, the volunteering role is stressful or not a good fit. The context matters (more on that below). Overall, though, multiple literature reviews and health authorities consider volunteering/charitable activities a beneficial, low-risk practice for improving well-being . Itâs not snake oil or mere âpopular wisdomâ â itâs grounded in real data, even if researchers are still pinning down all the variables.
Risks & Tradeoffs
Like any habit, helping others isnât all upside. Itâs possible to approach it in unhealthy ways or encounter drawbacks. Here are some caveats and potential risks to consider:
- Time and Energy Trade-Off: Helping others, especially if you commit to volunteering or caregiving, takes time and energy. This means less time for other activities. If your schedule is already packed or youâre exhausted, taking on too much helping can lead to stress. Itâs important to balance helping others with taking care of your own responsibilities, or you might end up feeling overwhelmed rather than fulfilled.
- Burnout and âCompassion Fatigueâ: When Helping Hurts: It is indeed possible to help so much that you hurt yourself. People in caregiving professions (nurses, counselors, etc.) know this well â constantly giving support can lead to emotional exhaustion, dubbed compassion fatigue. Even in everyday life, if you never say no to others, you risk burnout. Signs include feeling drained, irritable, or apathetic. The key is to set healthy boundaries: itâs okay (and necessary) to sometimes put your own needs first or take breaks. Remember, the goal is sustained, positive helping, not running yourself into the ground. Quality matters more than quantity. As one researcher noted, itâs worth exploring whether thereâs an âideal levelâ of prosociality â beyond which too much kindness could become detrimental to the giver . In practical terms: moderate helping is great; martyrdom is not.
- Helping for the Wrong Reasons: The mindset behind helping matters. If you help others out of genuine care or positive intention, youâre likely to benefit as well. But if youâre doing it purely out of obligation, guilt, or a desire to look good, it might backfire. For example, taking on charity work you resent can increase stress and wonât give you that helperâs high. Similarly, giving money under social pressure might just leave you feeling used. Itâs important to align your helping activities with causes or people you truly care about, and to do it voluntarily. That way, youâre more likely to experience the positive emotional returns.
- Enabling or Undermining Others: Occasionally, helping can have unintended negative effects on the recipient or your relationship. If you over-help or jump in unsolicited, the other person might feel dependent, incapable, or resentful. For instance, constantly doing your kidsâ tasks can undermine their confidence to do things themselves . Or giving excessive aid to a friend might strain the friendship if they feel itâs pity. The lesson is to help in ways that empower others rather than make them feel indebted or inferior. Usually this means offering help when appropriate, not forcing it, and encouraging independence as well.
- Opportunity Cost: Time or money spent helping others is, by definition, not spent on something else. If someone is in a very precarious life situation (e.g. struggling to pay bills or manage a health crisis), dedicating resources to others might not be prudent in that moment. Thereâs a reason airlines say âput on your own oxygen mask first.â Most of the time, kindness is compatible with caring for yourself, but if you find that helping others is consistently causing you to neglect your own health, finances, or relationships, you may need to dial it back until youâre on steadier footing. Helping others works best when itâs not sacrificing your well-being, but enriching it.
In summary, the risks of helping others are generally low and manageable, itâs one of the safer self-improvement habits you can adopt. But be mindful of your limits. When you keep the habit in balance, itâs a win-win. If you overextend, neither you nor the person youâre helping benefits much.
Outcomes & Expectations
What realistic changes can you expect if you start making an effort to help others regularly? Itâs important to set fair expectations:
- Immediate Mood Boost: Often, youâll feel a lift in mood right after performing a kind act. That warm glow or sense of satisfaction can be almost immediate. Donating to a cause you care about or helping a colleague solve a problem might leave you smiling or feeling good for hours that day. Even a small gesture like buying a coffee for the person in line behind you can spark a positive feeling. However, remember that this immediate boost is short-lived â on the order of minutes or a few hours . Itâs a great perk, but by the next day you might need another dose of kindness to recreate the feeling. This is why making it a habit (not a one-time thing) matters for lasting impact.
- Short-to-Medium Term Improvements: Within a few weeks of consistent helping behavior, you may notice improvements in your mental well-being. Research on âkindness interventionsâ (where people deliberately do acts of kindness daily or weekly) shows increases in happiness and life satisfaction often within 4 to 6 weeks  . For example, one experiment had participants do five acts of kindness in a day, each week, for six weeks â by the end, those participants reported being significantly happier than those who didnât practice kindness . In another 5-week study, people with depression who performed three acts of kindness twice a week saw notable reductions in their depressive symptoms compared to before  . You can expect that after a month or two, youâll likely feel more upbeat and connected to those around you. Your anxiety might ease a bit and your overall outlook could become more positive, especially if you were previously somewhat isolated.
- Long-Term Gains: The real magic of this habit appears when sustained over months and years. Long-term helpers (such as habitual volunteers) often experience lower stress levels overall, better physical health, and deep social ties. If you volunteer or help others continuously, you might find after a year that you have broader friendships or community connections than you started with. There is even evidence you might become more resilient to lifeâs challenges â having a support network and the positive mindset from giving can help you cope with personal difficulties more effectively. Physically, benefits like lower blood pressure might emerge over a longer term. In one study, older adults who started spending a little money on others each week saw blood pressure improvements over the course of several months, roughly equivalent to starting an exercise program . And as noted earlier, people who volunteer over many years have been found to live longer on average  (though thatâs a population-level observation, not a guarantee for every individual). The key long-term expectation is that helping others can become a source of ongoing meaning, community, and even health, but you have to keep the habit up.
- Variability and Personal Factors: Itâs important to recognize outcomes will vary from person to person. Some may experience dramatic improvements in mood and health, others more subtle. Factors like your starting mental health, personality, and how you choose to help all play a role. For instance, if youâre naturally very social but currently lonely, you might see a big boost in happiness once you start volunteering and meet like-minded people. On the other hand, if youâre struggling with severe depression, you might not feel happy immediately from helping someone, but you could still experience a sense of purpose or a reduction in isolation that slowly improves your mental state. Give it some time and consistency before judging the effects. And if you combine this habit with others (like exercise or practicing gratitude), the improvements can reinforce each other.
- No âInstant Fixâ Promise: Manage your expectations that helping others is not an overnight transformation. Itâs a positive lifestyle change, not a one-time miracle cure. You likely wonât wake up the next day cured of all stress or suddenly extroverted. Think of it like a muscle youâre building â the benefits accumulate with repeated practice. After a few kind acts, youâll have a few warm feelings; after a few months of kindness, you may have built a genuinely happier, healthier mindset.
How to Do It Right
Simply deciding to help others is a great start, but how you implement this habit will determine how enjoyable and sustainable it is. Here are some best practices and tips to make the most of âhelping othersâ as a habit:
- Start Small and Natural: You donât have to immediately sign up for weekly 4-hour volunteer shifts (though you can if that excites you). It can be as simple as incorporating small acts of kindness into your daily routine. Think of things you enjoy doing for others â maybe itâs helping a coworker with a task, checking in on a neighbor, or cooking dinner for your family. By starting with small, natural gestures, you build confidence and see the positive feedback, which motivates you to do more.
- Be Consistent (Make it a Routine): Like any habit, consistency is key. Plan regular opportunities to help. For example, decide that every Monday youâll do a kind act for someone at work, or every weekend youâll call a relative or friend who needs support. You could also set a goal like âdo one helpful thing each day,â even if itâs minor. The idea is to make kindness a regular part of your life rather than a random occurrence. Over time this normalizes helping behavior â it becomes something you just do, like brushing your teeth. Consistency also ensures you reap the ongoing benefits (remember, one act gives a short boost, but repeated acts lead to sustained well-being improvements ).
- Play to Your Strengths and Interests: The best way to help is the way that fits you personally. If you love kids, consider mentoring or helping at a youth program. If youâre handy, maybe assist a neighbor with repairs. If youâre a good listener, you could reach out to a friend whoâs having a rough time. When you leverage your passions or skills to help others, it feels rewarding rather than like a chore. Youâre more likely to stick with it and feel energized by it. Donât force yourself into a type of helping that you really dislike â there are plenty of ways to contribute, so choose ones that resonate with you.
- Join Organized Opportunities (if feasible): Once youâve eased in, look for volunteer or charity opportunities in your community that match your availability. Structured activities (like serving at a food bank monthly or volunteering for a local cause) can provide a reliable outlet for your helping habit. The advantage of organized volunteering is that it often comes with a built-in social group and a clear mission, which can enhance the benefits you feel. Many volunteers say they get as much out of it as they give, because they make friends and see real impacts over time. Just be careful not to over-commit â start with maybe a couple of hours a month and increase if you have the capacity.
- Keep it Genuine: Approach each act of kindness with a genuine spirit. Try to be fully present and actually care about the person or cause youâre helping in that moment. If youâre just going through the motions, it may not feel as fulfilling. For example, when listening to someoneâs problems, really listen rather than thinking about your to-do list. When volunteering, do it with a smile and an open mind rather than viewing it as a duty. The more sincerity and heart you put into helping others, the more youâll get back emotionally.
- Reflect on Your Experiences: A helpful meta-habit is to reflect on or journal about the kind acts you do and how they felt. This reinforces the positive feedback loop. Some people like to keep a âkindness journalâ where they note what they did and any positive reactions. Even taking a moment after an act to mentally note âThat felt goodâ or observe the other personâs gratitude can cement the emotional rewards in your memory. These reflections can motivate you to continue and also turn an abstract good deed into a learning experience about empathy and gratitude.
How Much Is Enough?
A common question is: how often or how much should you help others to really see benefits? The good news is you donât need to turn into Mother Teresa â even a modest amount of helping can make a difference. Research suggests that a few acts of kindness per week is a good target to aim for. In studies, as little as 3â5 kind acts a week led to measurable boosts in well-being  . For instance, one experiment asked people to perform three kind acts on two days of the week (so ~6 acts weekly); even with that, after one month participants were happier and less anxious  . Another study saw benefits with five acts in one day per week .
So, you might start with 1 or 2 small helps on most days, or setting aside a particular day to concentrate your kindness. Interestingly, one study found that âbatchingâ your kind acts can amplify the happiness impact â doing several good deeds in one day had a bigger effect on happiness than the same deeds spread out over a week . You could experiment with this: maybe dedicate one afternoon a week to do volunteer work, run errands for others, or catch up on messages to support friends. That âkindness dayâ can give you a notable boost.
At minimum, try to help or give in some way each week. There isnât a strict formula, but consistency beats intensity. Itâs better to be regularly kind in small ways than to do one huge charity event and then nothing for months. Also, listen to your own capacity â enough is what feels rewarding, not burdensome. If you start feeling stretched or stressed, pull back a bit. The benefits taper off if youâre doing so much that itâs causing you anxiety or fatigue .
In summary, even a little generosity goes a long way, as long as itâs habitual. A realistic plan for most busy people might be: one planned act of helping per week (like tutoring someone for an hour or volunteering at an event) plus a few spontaneous kindnesses as opportunities arise (like helping a stranger or friend when you notice a need). Thatâs âenoughâ to unlock the benefits, while being very achievable.
- Overcoming Obstacles: If shyness or uncertainty is holding you back, start with low-pressure acts. You donât have to be outgoing to be helpful â writing a supportive text or donating anonymously are equally valid. If time is an obstacle, focus on micro-acts: things that take just a minute or two, like complimenting a coworker, forwarding a useful article to someone, or picking up litter in your neighborhood. These small moments still count and add up. For those worried about intruding or not knowing what others need, a good practice is simply offering help (âLet me know if I can do anythingâ) or asking gently (âIs there some way I can support you?â). Often, people will appreciate the offer even if they donât need help at that exact moment, and it opens the door for future opportunities. Remember, the habit of helping is flexible â it can adapt to your personality and situation. What matters most is doing something kind with regularity.
Who This Habit Helps Most
In general, almost anyone can benefit from a habit of helping others. But certain people or life situations may find this habit especially valuable:
- Those Feeling Lonely or Disconnected: If youâve been feeling isolated, whether due to moving to a new city, remote work, or just life circumstances, helping others is a powerful antidote. It actively creates social interaction and a sense of belonging. Volunteering, for example, plugs you into a community of like-minded helpers. Even introverts who struggle to meet people often find it easier to connect when working together on a meaningful project. The kindness habit basically forces gentle social engagement, which can gradually reduce loneliness and build friendships.
- People Under Stress or Facing Challenges: It might sound counterintuitive, but when youâre stressed or going through a difficult time, engaging in helping behavior can build resilience. Studies have shown that on days people volunteered, they had a diminished stress response (lower cortisol levels) to their own problems  . By helping others, you gain perspective and activate positive emotions that buffer stress. Of course, you shouldnât overload yourself if youâre already stretched thin, but small acts of kindness can actually give you strength to handle your issues. This is particularly true for those dealing with mild depression or anxiety â as discussed, doing things for others can improve mood and self-worth in ways that pure self-focus might not  .
- Older Adults and Retirees: After retirement, some people lose their sense of purpose or social network. Adopting a habit of helping others (like community volunteering, mentoring youth, or simply being the helpful neighbor) can be immensely beneficial for seniors. It keeps them active, socially engaged, and gives a routine and sense of purpose each day. Research repeatedly finds that older adults who volunteer have better mental health and even physical benefits compared to those who donât . Helping grandchildren, neighbors, or through formal programs can all provide structure and meaning in later life. Itâs a way to continue contributing to society and feel valued.
- Students and Young People Building Skills: For teenagers or young adults, helping others can be a secret weapon for personal growth. It develops empathy, communication, and leadership skills. For example, a student who regularly tutors younger kids or helps with community projects is likely gaining patience, teaching ability, and teamwork experience. These skills translate to better relationships and even better job prospects down the line (employers value volunteering experience). Moreover, cultivating kindness early can set positive social norms that last a lifetime. Young people who learn the joy of helping are likely to carry that forward, benefiting their own mental health and communities as they grow.
- Those Seeking Meaning or âSomething Moreâ: If you ever feel like your life is lacking meaning or that your day-to-day work is unfulfilling, helping others can fill that gap. Many people in stable jobs or comfortable circumstances still feel a kind of emptiness â a lack of deeper purpose. Dedicating some time to others, whether through charity or just mentoring someone, often brings a renewed sense of purpose. It reminds you that life isnât just about your own bubble; making a difference in someone elseâs life is profoundly meaningful. For anyone chasing greater life satisfaction, adding a habit of kindness is a high-impact step. Itâs notable that the happiness boost from spending money on others is seen across very different cultures and income levels  â even people with very little, or children barely old enough to talk, experience joy in giving to others, suggesting it taps into a fundamental human source of meaning.
- Synergies with Other Habits: Helping others complements many other positive habits. For instance, if youâre practicing gratitude, youâll often find that helping someone increases your gratitude as well (you see how others appreciate things, and you feel grateful for the ability to give). It also pairs well with habits like exercise or hobbies â you can volunteer in ways that involve your hobby (like joining a charity run, or gardening for a community garden), getting a double benefit of recreation + contribution. Those engaged in faith or spiritual practices also often find that service to others deepens their spiritual fulfillment. Essentially, kindness doesnât conflict with other self-improvement efforts; it enhances them by adding a social and altruistic dimension.
To sum up, this habit is broadly helpful, but itâs most transformative for people who need connection and meaning. If you identify with any of the above categories, you might find that helping others provides an especially high return for you. But even if you donât, virtually anyone can enrich their life by even a slight uptick in kindness.
Honest Verdict: Is It Worth It?
So, is making âhelping othersâ a regular habit truly worth prioritizing in your busy life? For most people, yes â absolutely. This habit offers a rare combination of boosting your well-being, improving your health, and making the world around you a bit better, all at once. The return on investment is high: you invest some time or effort in someone else, and you often get back improved mood, reduced stress, stronger relationships, and even potential physical health perks. Plus, the âcostsâ (in terms of time or resources) can be as low or high as youâre willing to make them, meaning itâs a flexible habit that you can scale to your life. Even tiny acts of kindness pay dividends.
Helping others is also a foundational habit in the sense that it reinforces other positive behaviors. Itâs hard to be kind regularly and not experience shifts in perspective that influence your whole lifestyle. Many people find that it becomes part of their identity (âIâm someone who cares for othersâ), creating a positive self-image that encourages other good habits.
That said, the verdict comes with a couple of caveats. The habit of helping others is not a panacea â it wonât automatically fix severe mental or physical health issues (though it can complement other treatments). And its effects, while generally positive, can be modest unless you really commit to it over time. If youâre extremely stretched thin or in crisis, you might need to stabilize yourself first before you can give. In very rare cases, a person who already tends to ignore their own needs might overdo helping â for them, the âhabitâ to build could actually be helping themselves first.For the vast majority, however, incorporating more kindness and support into your routine is one of the best choices you can make. Itâs hard to think of many other habits that simultaneously make you happier, improve your health, strengthen your community, and cost basically nothing but your goodwill. And importantly, it aligns with core human values â itâs a habit you can feel genuinely proud of. So yes, helping others is worth it. Itâs one of those win-win habits where what you give comes back to you in surprising and meaningful ways. If youâre looking for a positive change to make, this one should be near the top of the list.